Because Art From Africa and Pacific Islands Follows Traditional Methods It

Oceanic art or Oceanian art comprises the creative works made by the native people of the Pacific Islands and Commonwealth of australia, including areas as far autonomously equally Hawaii and Easter Island. Specifically it comprises the works of the two groups of people who settled the area, though during two different periods. They would in time however, come up to interact and together attain even more remote islands. The area is often broken down into four separate regions: Federated states of micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Australia. Australia, along with interior Melanesia (Papua), are populated by descendants of the showtime waves of human migrations into the region by Australo-Melanesians. Federated states of micronesia, Island Melanesia, and Polynesia, on the other manus, are descendants of later Austronesian voyagers who intermixed with native Australo-Melanesians; mostly via the Neolithic Lapita culture. All of the regions in afterward times would be profoundly affected by western influence and colonization. In more recent times, the people of Oceania have plant a greater appreciation of their region's artistic heritage.

The artistic creations of these people varies greatly throughout the cultures and regions. The subject matter typically carries themes of fertility or the supernatural. Fine art such as masks were used in religious ceremonies or social rituals. Petroglyphs, Tattooing, painting, wood carving, stone carving and cloth work are other common art forms. Contemporary Pacific art is alive and well, encompassing traditional styles, symbols, and materials, but now imagined in a diversity of contemporary forms, revealing the complexity of geographic, cultural and individual interaction and history.^[1]

Overview [edit]

Art of Oceania properly encompasses the artistic traditions of the people indigenous to Australia, New Zealand, Pacific Island and Lebanese republic Dahia. The ancestors of the people of these islands came from Southeast Asia past two different groups at separate times. The first, an Australo-Melanesian people and the ancestors of modernistic-day Melanesians and Australian Aboriginals, came to New Republic of guinea and Commonwealth of australia about 40,000 to sixty,000 years ago. The Melanesians expanded equally far equally the northern Solomon Islands by 38,000 BC. The second moving ridge, the ocean-voyaging Austronesian peoples from Southeast Asia, would not come for another 30,000 years. They would come to collaborate and together reach fifty-fifty the well-nigh remote Pacific islands.^{[2] [3]} These early peoples lacked a writing system, and made works on perishable materials, so few records of them exist from this time.^[iv] Oceanic peoples traditionally did not encounter their work in the western concept of "fine art", but rather created objects for the practical purpose of use in religious or social ceremonies, or for utilize in everyday life.^[5]

Past 1500 BC the Austronesian Lapita culture, descendants of the second moving ridge, would brainstorm to expand and spread into the more than remote islands. At around the same time, fine art began to appear in New Guinea, including the earliest examples of sculpture in Oceania. The period from 1000 BC on, the Lapita people would consolidate and begin to create the gimmicky Polynesian cultures of Samoa, Tonga, and Fiji. They would from there venture further out into the Pacific and settle the Marquesas and Northern Cook Islands between 200 BC and one AD. Additionally from about 1000 BC, merchandise between the Pacific Islands and mainland Asia was growing, and starting 600 BC, works of the Dongson culture of Vietnam, known for their statuary working, can exist plant in Oceania, and their imagery has a strong influence on the ethnic artistic tradition. Records to 1000 AD go along to be few, however almost artistic tradition are continued to this indicate, such as New Guinea sculpture and Australian stone art, although the menstruum is characterized by increasing trade and interaction as well as new areas being settled, including Hawaii, Easter Island, Tahiti, and New Zealand. Starting around 1100 AD, the people of Easter Isle would brainstorm construction of near 900 moai (large stone statues). At about 1200 Advertisement, the people of Pohnpei, a Micronesian isle, would embark on another megalithic construction, building Nan Madol, a metropolis of artificial islands and a arrangement of canals. By 1500, the first European explorers begin to reach Oceania. Although previous artistic and architectural traditions are continued, the diverse regions would begin to diverge and record more distinct cultures.^{[6] [7]}

Prehistoric [edit]

The rock art of Australian Aborigines is the longest continuously adept artistic tradition in the world. These sites, found in Arnhem Land, Australia, are divided into three periods: Pre-Estuarine (c. 40,000?–6000 BC), Estuarine (c. 6000 BC–500 AD), and Fresh Water (c. 500 AD–present). They are dated based on the styles and content of the art. Pre-Estuarine, the oldest, is characterized by imagery in a red ocher paint. However, by nigh 6000 BC, increasingly elaborate images begin to announced, marking the kickoff of the Estuarine period. These rock paintings served several functions. Some were used in magic, others to increment brute populations for hunting, while some were simply for amusement. One of the more than elaborate collections of rock art in this area is the site of Ubirr, a favored camping ground during wet seasons which has had its rock faces painted many times over thousands of years.^[8]

Sculpture in Oceania first appears on New Guinea as a series of stone figures found throughout the isle, but mostly in mountainous highlands. Establishing a chronological timeframe for these pieces in near cases is difficult, just one has been dated to 1500 BC. The content of the sculptures fit into iii categories: mortars, pestles, and freestanding figures. The tops of many pestles contain images, often of birds or man heads. Mortars bear witness similar imagery, or sometimes geometric patterns. Freestanding figures again portray similar themes: humans, animals, and phalluses. The original significance of these pieces even so, are unknown, but were perchance used in the context of rituals.^[ix]

Another early culture with an artistic tradition are the Lapita, dating from about 1500 BC to 500 BC, who are idea to be the ancestors of the mod day cultures of Polynesia and Island Melanesia. The civilization was formed past the second wave of Oceanic settlers. The name comes from the site of Lapita in New Caledonia, which was amid the outset places its distinctive sculpture would be plant. It is debated exactly where the culture adult, but the people themselves originally came from Southeast Asia. Their fine art is best known by its ceramics, which include elaborate geometric motifs and sometimes anthropomorphic imagery. Information technology is thought some of the designs may be related to modernistic Polynesian tattoos and barkcloths. They were created by firing a comblike tool that stamped the designs on to wet clay. Each postage stamp would have 1 design and would be layered until an elaborate blueprint was created. Their usage was primarily, in cooking, serving, and storing nutrient.^[ten]

Regional [edit]

Micronesia [edit]

Micronesia comprises 2d-moving ridge settlers of Oceania, encompassing the people of the islands north of Melanesia, and has an artistic tradition attested to early Austronesian waves from the Philippines and the Lapita culture.^{[2] [3]} Amidst the most prominent works of the region is the megalithic floating city of Nan Madol. The city began in 1200 Advertising, and is still being congenital when European explorers begin to go far around 1600. The metropolis yet, undergoes a refuse past effectually 1800 along with the Saudeleur dynasty, and is abandoned altogether by the 1820s. The 19th century would meet the region divided up among the colonial powers, however art continued to thrive. Woods carving past men in detail flourishes in the region, creating richly decorated ceremonial houses in Belau, stylized bowls, canoe ornaments, formalism vessels, and sometimes sculptured figures. Women on the other hand created textiles and ornaments like bracelets and headbands. Stylistically, Micronesian art is streamlined and of a practical simplicity to its function, but is typically finished to a high standard of quality.^[11] This was mostly to make the best possible use of what few natural materials they had bachelor to them.^[12]

The outset half of the 20th century saw a downturn in Micronesia's cultural integrity and a potent strange influence from both western and Japanese Imperialist powers. A number of historical artistic traditions, especially sculptural, but ceased to exist practiced. Yet other fine art forms connected, including traditional architecture and weaving. But by the second half of the century, independence from colonial powers allows their traditional arts to find a renewed interest and respect from within the region, and a new generation are taught these art forms. In that location is also a notable movement of contemporary art inside Micronesia toward the cease of the 20th century.^[xiii]

Polynesia [edit]

Polynesia, like Federated states of micronesia, stretched dorsum to Lapita cultural traditions. Lapita Culture included parts of the western Pacific and reached as far east as Tonga and Samoa.^[14] Notwithstanding much of Polynesia, like the islands of Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti, and Easter Isle, had just relatively recently been settled by indigenous peoples. The most famous Polynesian art forms are the Moai (statues) of Rapa Nui/Easter Island. Polynesian art is characteristically ornate, and frequently meant to incorporate supernatural power or mana.^[15] Polynesian works of art were idea to incorporate spiritual ability and could bear upon change in the world.^[sixteen] All the same the period across 1600 Advertising had seen intense interaction with European explorers, in addition to standing earlier cultural traditions. The collections of European explorers during the period testify that classical Polynesian art was indeed flourishing. In the 19th century, depopulation of areas due to slave raiding and Western diseases disrupted many societies and cultures. Missionary work in the region acquired the conversion to Christianity, and in some cases the destruction of traditional cultural and artistic heritage of the region, specifically sculpture. Even so more secular art forms continue, such as carving non-religious objects similar kava bowls and material work such as tapa making. With the end of colonialism nevertheless, Polynesians increasingly attempted to assert their cultural identity.^[17]

Australia [edit]

Australian Aboriginal people are nigh known for their rock fine art, which they go along to do after their contact with Western explorers. Other forms of art still, reflect their lifestyle of oft moving from ane army camp to another and is utilitarian and portable, admitting still highly busy. They used rocks and other natural sources mixed with h2o to make their paint. Often using sticks to make their famous but recent (from 1971) dot paintings. Fifty-fifty today we still encounter Aboriginals making these. When dancing, they paint their bodies with white "paint" and apply information technology to their body in patterns and meaningful shapes and lines. Their dancing uses native Australian animals every bit inspiration.^[18]

Melanesia [edit]

Melanesia, comprising New Guinea and the surrounding islands and people of first moving ridge settlers, has perhaps the most striking art of all Oceania. Stylistically fine art is typically highly decorative and portrays exaggerated forms, often of sexual themes. It is mostly made in connection with ancestors, hunting, and cannibalism. Usually they would be used in the context of spiritual rituals, such as the cosmos of elaborate masks. However, few examples of Melanesian art exist on the islands today.^[five]

Later on 1600, like the other regions of Oceania, saw increasing encounters with European explorers. What they witnessed was a flourishing tradition of art and culture, such every bit the showtime record of the region's elaborate wood carving. Information technology isn't until the latter one-half of the 19th century, however, that westernization begins to takes its toll. Some traditional forms of art go into decline, but others like sculpture survive and fifty-fifty thrive in the region. Not until more of the islands were explored past the western powers that the sheer diversity of Melanesian art begins to be seen. Past the 20th century, Melanesian fine art begins to find its way to the West and has a profound touch on on contemporary artists. Nevertheless a keen cultural disruption would follow the 2nd World State of war, and much traditional fine art would begin to decline or be destroyed. This would exist followed decades later by a newfound appreciation for their native art forms.^[19]

See also [edit]

• Oceanian culture
• Austronesian civilisation
• Tribal fine art
• Overmodelled skull

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Burden, Peter (2012). Fine art in Oceania: A New History. New Haven and London: Yale Academy Press. pp. 410–497. ISBN978-0-300-19028-i.
2. ^ ^{a b} Grayness, RD; Drummond, AJ; Greenhill, SJ (2009). "Linguistic communication Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". Science. 323 (5913): 479–483. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..479G. doi:x.1126/science.1166858. PMID 19164742.
3. ^ ^{a b} Pawley, A. (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood, Peter Southward.; Renfrew, Colin (eds.). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. McDonald Plant for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273. ISBN978-1902937205.
4. ^ Met Timeline of Fine art History, Oceania, 80000-2000 B.C.. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
5. ^ ^{a b} Hutchinson Encyclopedia. Oceanic art Archived 2006-05-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on June 23, 2006.
6. ^ Met Timeline of Fine art History, Oceania, 1000-1400 A.D.. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
7. ^ Met Timeline of Art History, Oceania, 1400-1600 A.D.. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
8. ^ Met Timeline of Art History Ubirr (forty,000?B.C.-nowadays). Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
9. ^ Met Timeline of Art History, Prehistoric Stone Sculpture from New Guinea. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
10. ^ Met Timeline of Fine art History, Lapita Pottery (ca. 1500-5000 B.C.). Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
11. ^ Met Timeline of Art History Micronesia, 1800-1900 A.D.. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
12. ^ "Oceanic art", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition 2006.
13. ^ Met Timeline of Fine art History, Micronesia, 1900 A.D.-present. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
14. ^ D'Alleva, Anne (1998). Arts of the Pacific Islands . Abrams. p. 14. ISBN0-8109-2722-5.
15. ^ Kaeppler, Adrienne (2008). The Pacific Arts of Polynesia and Micronesia . Oxford University Press. p. five. ISBN978-0-xix-284238-i.
16. ^ Hooper, Steven (2006). Pacific Encounters: Fine art and Divinity in Polynesia 1760-1860. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Printing. p. 28. ISBN978-0-8248-3084-seven.
17. ^ Met Timeline of Fine art History, 1900 A.D.-nowadays. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
18. ^ Met Timeline of Art History, Australia, 1800-1900 A.D.. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.
19. ^ Met Timeline of Art History, Melanesia, 1900 A.D.-present. Retrieved on June 22, 2006.

Farther reading [edit]

• Goldwater, Robert; et al. (1969). Art of Oceania, Africa, and the Americas from the Museum of Primitive Art: an exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
• Kjellgren, E.; et al. (2001). Splendid isolation: art of Easter Isle . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN9781588390110.

External links [edit]

• Grafico Topico'south articles on art from the Pacific region
• Oceanic Art Society
• Tribal Art Mag
• Rayond and Laura Wielgus Collection, Eskenazi Museum of Art, Indiana Academy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanian_art

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